Single-phase AC motor working principle

A single-phase AC motor is a rotating electromagnetic machine used to convert electrical energy and mechanical energy into each other.

Description of single-phase capacitive motors: Single-phase motors have two windings, the start winding and the running winding. The two windings are spatially different by 90 degrees. A large-capacity capacitor is connected in series on the starting winding. When the running winding and the starting winding pass the single-phase alternating current, the current in the starting winding is advanced by 90 degrees from the current of the running winding due to the action of the capacitor, reaching the maximum first. value. Two identical pulsed magnetic fields are formed in time and space, so that a rotating magnetic field is generated in the air gap between the stator and the rotor. Under the action of the rotating magnetic field, an induced current is generated in the rotor of the motor, and the current interacts with the rotating magnetic field. The electromagnetic field torque causes the motor to rotate.

The 220V AC single-phase motor starting method is roughly divided into several types.

1. The split-phase starting type is shown in Figure 1. It is assisted by the auxiliary starting winding and its starting torque is not large. The operating rate remains approximately constant. Mainly used in electric fans, air conditioning fan motors, washing machines and other motors.

Figure 1 capacitor transfer type wiring circuit

2. When the motor is stationary, the centrifugal switch is turned on. After the power is supplied, the starting capacitor participates in the starting work. When the rotor speed reaches 70% to 80% of the rated value, the centrifugal switch will automatically jump off, the starting capacitor completes the task, and is broken. open. The starting winding does not participate in the running operation, and the motor continues to operate in the running winding coil, as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Capacitor start type wiring circuit

3. When the motor is stationary, the centrifugal switch is turned on. After the power is supplied, the starting capacitor participates in the starting work. When the rotor speed reaches 70% to 80% of the rated value, the centrifugal switch will automatically jump off, and the starting capacitor completes the task and is broken. open. The running capacitor is connected to the start winding to participate in the operation. This connection is generally used in places where air compressors, cutting machines, woodworking machines, etc. are heavily loaded and unstable. As shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 capacitor start-up type wiring circuit (double straight capacitor)

A motor with a centrifugal switch, if the motor cannot be started successfully in a short time, the winding coil will burn out quickly. Capacitance value: Double-valued capacitor motor, large starting capacitor capacity, small operating capacitor capacity, and withstand voltage is generally greater than 400V.

Figure 4 is a wiring diagram with a forward and reverse switch. Generally, the starting winding of this motor has the same resistance value as the running winding, that is, the starting winding and the running winding of the motor are exactly the same in wire diameter and number of coils. This type of motor is generally used in washing machines. This method of forward and reverse control is simple and does not require complicated switching switches.

Figure 4 switch control positive and negative wiring

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